The Sepoy Mutiny of 1857. British officials were alarmed at the rapid distribution of mysterious Indian breads across much of the Raj, There is a most mysterious affair going on throughout the whole of India at present, Dr. Gilbert Hadow wrote in a letter to his sister in Britain in March 1857. An uprising in several sepoy companies of the Bengal army was sparked by the issue of new gunpowder cartridges for the Enfield rifle in February 1857. The revolt of 1857, which the British call the Indian Mutiny but many Indians prefer to think of as the First War of Independence, was the defining event in British imperial history. The company had an unbroken series of victories in India, against the Marathas, Mysore, north Indian states, and the Gurkhas, later against the Sikhs, and further afield in China and Burma. Although the armies of many Rajas or states which rebelled contained large numbers of guns, the British superiority in artillery was to be decisive in the siege of Delhi after the arrival of a siege train of thirty-two howitzers and mortars. A New Type of Rifle Cartridge Caused Problems, The Indian Revolt of 1857 Brought the End of the East India Company. The Siege of Delhi. The Lucknow garrison held out in the residency from July 1, in spite of the death of Sir Henry Lawrence on July 4. This took the form of Muslim millenarianism, with preachers in Lucknow foretelling the end of the raj. Any British plans to reform Indian society, which had been one of the underlying causes of the revolt, were essentially set aside, and religious conversion of the Indian population was no longer viewed as a practical goal. The Revolt of 1857 eventually broke out over the incident of greased cartridges. This meant that when they came to be threatened by modernizing regimes in Calcutta, from the 1840s onwards, the sepoys had become accustomed to very high ritual status, and were extremely sensitive to suggestions that their caste might be polluted. Dalhousie had also appointed Inam Commission with powers to confiscate land. Robert J. McNamara is a history expert and former magazine journalist. Saul, David (2003), page 294 "The Indian Mutiny", Penguin Books. hasContentIssue true, THE FIRING PARADE OF 24 APRIL AND ITS SEQUEL, THE OUTBREAK: (a) The Native Infantry Lines, THE OUTBREAK: (b) The Native Cavalry Lines, THE OUTBREAK: (d) The European Troop Movements and the European Lines, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511563386.003, Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. The rifle's cartridges contained 68 grains of FF black powder, and the ball was typically a 530-grain Pritchett or a Burton-Mini ball. Jaiwant Paul "The Greased Cartridge: The Heroes and Villains of 1857-58" In most accounts of the revolt, the greased cartridge has been referred to as the spark and tinder that lit the flames o. Thousands of entirely blameless Indians who found themselves caught up in the hysterical aftermath of the rebellion were flogged, or blown from cannon, or forced to clean bloodied paving stones using only their tongues before being summarily hanged. Terms of Use The revolt was sparked by a number of reasons, including economic exploitation, cultural repression, and mistreatment of Indian soldiers. Scottish Highlanders charge during the suppression of the rebellion of 1857. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox. To save content items to your account, Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/sepoy-mutiny-of-1857-1774014. He was informed that they had been brought in by one of his Indian police officers, who had received them from a puzzled village chowkidar (watchman). Sepoys were forced to watch such displays as it was believed it set an example of the horrific death that awaited mutineers. Sepoy units in the south of India remained loyal, but in the north, many units of the Bengal Army turned on the British. In 1885, however, the founding of the Indian National Congress marked the beginnings of effective, organized protest for national self-determination. The resumption of tax-free land and confiscation of jagirs (the grant or right to locally control land revenue) caused discontent among the jagirdars and zamindars. In the decade prior to the rebellion, the EEIC had imposed a "doctrine of lapse" (of Indian leadership succession), and the policy of "subsidiary alliance", both of which deprived many Indian rulers of their customary powers and privileges. In the altercation, Pandey was surrounded by British troops and shot himself in the chest. Both Hindu and Muslim sepoys refused to use them. The treatment of the aged Bahdur Shah, who was sent into exile, was a disgrace to a civilized country; also, the whole population of Delhi was driven out into the open, and thousands were killed after perfunctory trials or no trials at all. This book is essentially about the heroes - Tatya Tope, Nana Saheb, Rani Lakshmi Bai, Kunwar Singh of Jagdishpur - and not to forget, a few villains. Increasing numbers of Christian missionaries began arriving in India, and their presence gave credence to rumors of impending conversions. "The Sepoy Mutiny of 1857." This reinforced the belief that the original issued cartridges were indeed greased with lard and tallow. What are the major holidays and festivals of India? He first defeated the Gwalior contingent and then, when the rebels Tantia Topi and Rani Lakshmi Bai of Jhansi had seized Gwalior, broke up their forces in two more battles. To facilitate its passage, the cartridges were greased with tallow, which, in the U.K., was made of beef and pork fat. Following the disarming and disbandment of an additional seventeen Bengal Native Infantry regiments, which were suspected of planning mutiny, only twelve survived to serve in the new post-mutiny army. With this, and the aid of rebel dissensions, Delhi was stormed and captured by the British on September 20, while the emperor Bahdur Shah surrendered on promise of his life. But something important was required to provoke so many to seize the opportunity of a military uprising to stage a war of independence. This included an increase in the taxation on land. Before loading these rifles the sepoys had to bite off the paper on the cartridges. Later, the attitudes of British officers changed with increased intolerance, lack of involvement and unconcern of the welfare of troops becoming manifest more and more. Revolt Of 1857 India Causes Eects History Facts N Info 1 . A small British army was improvised, which held the ridge before Delhi against greatly superior forces until Sir John Lawrence was able to send a siege train under John Nicholson. But the spark was interestingly not so much of religious clashes, but the grease used in the new Enfield rifle. In sum, this combination of factors produced, besides the normal tensions endemic in India, an uneasy, fearful, suspicious, and resentful frame of mind and a wind of unrest ready to fan the flame of any actual physical outbreak. Mason, Philip (1974), page 190 "A Matter of Honour", London: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston. In one sense, this was not surprising; since India had a large and settled British population, there were more women and children around for the rebels to kill. The British had accentuated caste consciousness by careful regulations, had allowed discipline to grow lax, and had failed to maintain understanding between British officers and their men. There has been much controversy over its nature and causes. This book is essentially about the heroes - Tatya Tope, Nana. It was initiated by sepoys in the Bengal Presidency against the British officers. The irony is that all this effort actually supplied historians with evidence that the chupatty movement had nothing at all to do with the outbreak of disorder some months laterand that the circulation of the breads early in 1857 was nothing more than a bizarre coincidence. He survived and was put on trial and hanged on April 8, 1857. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive. Certain actions of the government, such as increased recruitment of Sikhs and Gurkhas, peoples considered by the Bengal sepoys to be inferior in caste to them, increased the distrust of the sepoys who thought that this was a sign of their services not being needed any more. The immediate cause of military disaffection was the deployment of the new breech-loading Enfield rifle, the cartridge of which was purportedly greased with pork and beef fat. In spite of their apparently desperate situation, the British possessed long-term advantages: they could and did receive reinforcements from Britain; they had, thanks to the resolution of Sir John Lawrence, a firm base in the Punjab, and they had another base in Bengal, where the people were quiet; they had virtually no anxiety in the south and only a little in the west; and they had an immense belief in themselves and their civilization, which gave resolution to their initial desperation. The Greased Cartridge: The Heroes and Villains of 1857-58, Rezensionen werden nicht berprft, Google sucht jedoch gezielt nach geflschten Inhalten und entfernt diese. An uprising in several sepoy companies of the Bengal army was sparked by the issue of new gunpowder cartridges for the Enfield rifle in February 1857. All of the Bengal Native Cavalry regiments and 45 of the infantry units rebelled at some point. The Company had upgraded to the new Pattern 1853 Enfield rifle, which used greased paper cartridges. In India, it has been viewed quite differently. Throughout May and June 1857 more units of Indian troops mutinied against the British. Fighting in some places continued well into 1858, but the British were ultimately able to establish control. "The Sepoy Mutiny of 1857." Did an Ancient Magnetic Field Reversal Cause Chaos for Life on Earth 42,000 Years Ago? A cartridge of this kind, containing powder and nothing more, is often specified as an unballed cartridge. Centers and leaders of the revolt of 1857. Many Animals, Including the Platypus, Lost Their Stomachs. The Revolt of 1857 eventually broke out over the incident of greased cartridges. Further, the British were becoming increasingly hostile toward traditional survivals and contemptuous of most things Indian. Some time in February 1857, a curious occurrence took place. "useRatesEcommerce": false They later stood in Chandni Chowk, the main square, and asked the people gathered there, "Brothers, are you with those of the faith? The new Enfield rifles, which were now being issued, had grooved or rifled barrels. All the people in the palace wondered what it could mean. Several events happened that led to the Sepoys revolting and was called the Indian Revolt of 1857. A rumour spread that the cartridges of the new enfield rifles were greased with the fat of cows and pigs. These are deep waters that we trawl in, and dangerous ones, too. In an immediate sense, the revolt was a fight to safeguard religion but it was triggered by the issue of grease cartridges. B. It is also known by other names: the Indian Mutiny, the Indian Rebellion of 1857, or the Indian Revolt of 1857. The Revolt of 1857 started as a Mutiny of the sepoys. Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. Measures of prevention of future crises naturally began with the army, which was completely reorganized. each other as brothers.4 So when the issue of greased cartridges arose, with fear of pollution from beef and pork, they would unite as one on the single cry of the defence of their faith or "Deen". But those who did would not have been surprised by what happened next, for some very similar beliefs were spreading in the early months of 1857. Famous For: Revolt of 1857. Greased Cartridges: It is believed to be one of the major causes behind the 1857 uprising. Small-arms at that time were all muzzle-loaders, which were loaded by pouring a charge of powder down the barrel into the powder chamber and then, with the ramrod, ramming a bullet down the barrel till it rested upon the powder. of your Kindle email address below. Rich people like the merchants and moneylenders were, therefore, able to speculate in British land sales and drive out the most vulnerable peasant farmers. In addition, the General Service Enlistment Act of 1856 required recruits to serve overseas if ordered, a challenge to the castes who composed so much of the Bengal army. By a campaign in Avadh and Rohilkhand, Campbell cleared the countryside. The effective Indian artillery, except for a few mountain batteries, was abolished, while the Brahmans and Rajputs of Avadh were reduced in favour of other groups. In the late 1700s and early 1800s, sepoys tended to take great pride in their military prowess, and they exhibited enormous loyalty to their British officers. This war of Independence marked the end of rule by the British East India company. E. Jaiwant Paul is a man of varied interests, having authored eight other books, including Rani of Jhansi, The Story of Tea, Baji Rao, The Unforgettable Maharajas, Har Dayal: The Great Revolutionary (co-author Mrs Shubh Paul), Arms and Armour: Traditional Weapons of India, and Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan. What was the issue of cartridges? When the mood of the sepoys turned against their masters, they remembered Kabul and that the British were not invincible. [6]. For both Indians and British, the period was haunted with dark memories of the mutiny, and numerous measures were taken by the British raj to avoid another conflict. In fact, it was rather the last effort of traditional India. The army became an efficient professional body, drawn largely from the northwest and aloof from the national life. The chupatty movement first came to British attention early in February 1857. [9], Until the 1840s there had been a widespread belief amongst the Bengal sepoys in the Iqbal or continued good fortune of the East India Company. The cartridge of the Enfield rifle was heavily greased - with animal fat, to facilitate an easier load into the muzzle. This event and Pandey's subsequent punishment led to more resentment among the sepoys of the Bengal Army ultimately aiding in the Revolt of 1857.. Mike Dash is a contributing writer in history for Smithsonian.com. ThoughtCo. Mason, Philip (1974), page 236 "A Matter of Honour", London: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston. Rumors spread with great rapidity before and during the mutinynot least because of the large number of British women and children at the mercy of the rebels in towns such as Delhi and Kanpur. To load the rifle, the end of the cartridge containing the powder had to be bitten off so that the charge would ignite. Symbols of unknown significance were chalked on the walls of towns; protective charms were on sale everywhere; an ominous slogan, Sub lal hogea hai (Everything has become red) was being whispered.. It is not surprising that one of the many subsidiary rumors that accompanied the chupatty movement was that the breads were being carried and distributed, the eventual trial of the King of Delhi noted, by the hands of the very lowest caste men that can be found; and the natives say that it is intended by Government to force or bribe the headmen to eat the bread, and thus loose their caste. Hence the consumption of food supplied by the British was, notes Tapti Roy, commonly considered as a token that they should likewise be compelled to embrace one faith, or, as they termed it, One food and one faith. . Underlying grievances over British taxation and recent land annexations by the English East India Company (EEIC) also contributed to the anger of the sepoy mutineers, and within weeks, dozens of units of the Indian army joined peasant armies in widespread rebellion. https://www.thoughtco.com/sepoy-mutiny-of-1857-1774014 (accessed March 1, 2023). The musketry books also recommended that, "Whenever the grease around the bullet appears to be melted away, or otherwise removed from the cartridge, the sides of the bullet should be wetted in the mouth before putting it into the barrel; the saliva will serve the purpose of grease for the time being" This meant that biting a musket cartridge was second nature to the Sepoys, some of whom had decades of service in the company's army, and who had been doing musket drill for every day of their service. Wagner concludes that the trigger for the rebellion of 1857 was thus rumour, not the actual issue, or use, of cartridges greased with animal fat; that, in any case, we simply don't know what sort of tallow was used at Gangadarh Banerji & Co.; and that - remarkable as it now seems - the truth of the matter never was established, even by the } They shot the British officers and made for Delhi, 40 miles (65 km) distant, where there were no British troops. Furthermore, the superstitious impulse that still encourages the transmission of chain letters clearly applied in 1857: Although the original specific meaning of the chapattis had been lost early in the distribution, the dire consequences of breaking the chain of transmission remained, and thus ensured their successful circulation over an immense area. They bore no message, and were identical to the breads cooked in every home in India, a staple part (even today) of the locals diet. In another, however, the appalling atrocities visited by the Companys armies on the people of northern India were far from justified, since the British proved to be just as prone to rumors and panics as their Indian subjects. [21], The Bengal Army also administered, sometimes loosely, 29 regiments of irregular horses and 42 of irregular infantry. And the uprising became extremely violent. The uprising was officially declared over on July 8, 1859. But the only evidence for either of these was the circulation from village to village of chapatis, or cakes of unleavened bread, a practice that, though it also occurred on other occasions, was known to have taken place at any time of unrest. is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings The quarter century following the bitter Indian revolt of 185759, though spanning a peak of British imperial power in India, ended with the birth of nationalist agitation against the raj (British rule). Mason, Philip (1974), pages 186 and 313 "A Matter of Honour", London: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston. @kindle.com emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply. This allowed different meanings an interpretations to be attributed to them, and the chapattis became an index of peoples thoughts and worries. The cartridges were wrapped in paper, which had been coated in grease which made the cartridges easier to load in rifle barrels. When soldiers of the Bengal army mutinied in Meerut on May 10, 1857, tension had been growing for some time. [14], The pay of the sepoy was relatively low and after Awadh and the Punjab were annexed, the soldiers no longer received extra pay (batta or bhatta) if posted there, because this was no longer considered "foreign service". The particular reason, the greased cartridges for the Enfield rifles, was a mistake rectified as soon as it was discovered; but the fact that explanations and reissues could not quell the soldiers suspicions suggests that the troops were already disturbed by other causes. Host of Midian: the chapati circulation and the Indian Revolt of 1857-58. Studies in History 16 (2000);Christopher Hibbert. In an elaborate ceremony, Lord Lytton, the serving viceroy of India, honored a number of Indian princes. Since the batta made the difference between active service being considered munificent or burdensome, the sepoys repeatedly resented and actively opposed inconsiderate unilateral changes in pay and batta ordered by the Military Audit department. The Muslims had lost the large state of Avadh; the Marathas had lost Nagpur, Satara, and Jhansi. During the late eighteenth century and the early part of the nineteenth century, the armies of the East India Company, in particular those of the Bengal Presidency, were victorious and indomitable the term "high noon of the sepoy army" has been used by a military historian. | READ MORE. "[26] Their rule in India had begun with the Battle of Plassey in 1757. Mason, Philip (1974), pages 305-306 "A Matter of Honour", London: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston. Published online by Cambridge University Press: What are the oldest known civilizations of India? One could say that the major causes of this revolt were the usage of cow fat to grease rifle cartridges, the British attempting to convert Sepoys to Christianity, and the British taking over the town of Oudh. Under a British policy called the "doctrine of lapse," the East India Company would take control of Indian states in which a local ruler had died without an heir. There was rumor about an old prophecy that the company's rule would end after a hundred years. Numerous explanations were considered. Vital though their Indian empire was to them, they controlled the subcontinent with a comparative handful of menabout 100,000 in all, less than half of whom were soldiers, ruling over a population of 250 millionand they were all too aware of just how inadequate these numbers would be in the event of any serious rebellion. Thus, long after the chapattis reached their northern-most point of Meerut, there was another northwards distribution from Cawnpore to Fattehgarh, which was widely reported in the newspapers The circulation took place along well-established routes of transmission, which followed the main trade and pilgrimage routes between the bigger cities. It consisted of the distribution of many thousands of chapatisunleavened Indian breadsthat were passed from hand to hand and from village to village throughout the mofussil (interior) of the subcontinent. A man had come out of the jungle with them, and given them to the watchman with instructions to make four like them and to take these to the watchman in the next village, who was to be told to do the same.. The mutiny and great revolt of 1857-59. Few of these participated in the rebellion, and one contingent in particular (the recently raised Punjab Irregular Force) actively participated on the British side. 31, 2021, thoughtco.com/sepoy-mutiny-of-1857-1774014. A number of Indians began to suspect that the British intended to convert the Indian population to Christianity. One of the first officials to encounter it was Mark Thornhill, magistrate in the little Indian town of Mathura, near Agra. In 1824, there was another mutiny by a regiment ordered overseas in the First Anglo-Burmese War, who were refused transport to carry individual cooking vessels and told to share communal pots. It was no secret that the Companys armies had been making preparations for the introduction of a new sort of ammunition for a new model of Enfield rifle. (2021, July 31). Western inventions such as the telegraph and railways aroused the prejudice of a conservative society (though Indians crowded the trains when they had them). Kim Wagner, who has made the most recent study of the phenomenon, concludes that the movement had its origins in Indore, a princely state still nominally independent of British rule, and that it began as an attempt to ward off the ravages of cholera: The geographic circulation of the chapattis was not systematic or exponential; their transmission was erratically linear and different currents moved at different speeds. The first sepoy who rebelled by aiming his loaded weapon at a British officer was Mangal Pandey who was later executed.[25]. The East India Company had been active in India for nearly 250 years, but the violence of the 1857 uprising led to the British government dissolving the company and taking direct control of India. Mike Dash Large numbers of native soldiers, known as sepoys, were employed by the company to maintain order and defend trading centers. It is however also possible to enclose within the paper container the bullet as well as the powder and the cartridge then becomes a balled cartridge. India from the Paleolithic Period to the decline of the Indus civilization, The earliest agriculturalists and pastoralists, Neolithic agriculture in the Indus valley and Baluchistan, Extent and chronology of Early Harappan culture, Language and scripts, weights and measures, The Post-Urban Period in northwestern India, The late 2nd millennium and the reemergence of urbanism, Peninsular India in the aftermath of the Indus civilization (c. 20001000, The development of Indian civilization from c. 1500, Traditional approaches to Indian historiography, The beginning of the historical period, c. 500150, North India under Muslim hegemony, c. 12001526, Taxation and distribution of revenue resources, The Muslim states of southern India, c. 13501680, Extension and consolidation of the empire, Central, provincial, and local government, Organization of the nobility and the army, The emperor, the nobility, and the provinces, The Afghan-Maratha struggle for northern India, Political and economic decentralization during the Mughal decline, The Afghan factor in northern India, 174772, Cultural aspects of the late precolonial order, India and European expansion, c. 15001858, The extension of British power, 17601856, Indian nationalism and the British response, 18851920, The transfer of power and the birth of two countries, The Janata interlude and the return of Indira Gandhi, From Rajiv to Rao: India from the mid-1980s to the mid-1990s, V.P. the Sepoy Mutiny (by British Historians) There followed the relief of the residency (November) and the capture of Lucknow by the new commander in chief, Sir Colin Campbell (March 1858). The restoration of peace was hindered by British cries for vengeance, often leading to indiscriminate reprisals. The whole episode falls into three periods: first came the summer of 1857, when the British, without reinforcements from home, fought with their backs to the wall; the second concerned the operations for the relief of Lucknow in the autumn; and the third was the successful campaign of Sir Colin Campbell (later Baron Clyde) and Sir Hugh Henry Rose (later Baron Strathnairn of Strathnairn and Jhansi) in the first half of 1858. [20], In 1857, the Bengal Army contained 10 regular regiments of Indian cavalry and 74 of infantry. Thereafter he headed the National Mineral Water Company in Muscat, Oman. Click to view in higher resolution. All in all, the British were extremely spooked by the spread of the chapatis. The events of 1857 have been considered the first outbreak of an independence movement against British rule. Due to the need for technical specialists, the artillery units generally had a higher proportion of British personnel. To be loaded, this cartridge had to be torn open so that the powder it contained could be poured down the barrel of the muzzle-loading gun; because the soldiers hands were full, this was done with the teeth. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. Furthermore, legal changes introduced by the British were accompanied by prohibitions on Indian religious customs and were seen as steps towards forced conversion to Christianity. Whether the cartridge was unballed or balled, it was necessary, in loading a muzzle-loader, to open the end of the cartridge. Indian soldiers had to blow the cartridge which was made of pork and beef. The Revolt of 1857 in India eventually broke out over the incident of greased cartridges. Before loading these rifles the sepoys had to bite off the paper on the cartridges. Feature Flags: { There is reason to believe that this was originated by some intriguers of the old Court of Lucknow. And yet its just as possible to see the bloody results of the mutual incomprehension between the British and native communities in India as a potent reminder that mistrust and panic can have serious consequences. By origin, a cartridge is a container, usually of paper, designed to hold enough powder for one discharge of the weapon. Most Indians thought they were the work of the British, whothrough the East India Companyhad ruled over large portions of the country for almost a century (and were, according to one well-known prophecy, due to be unseated at that centurys end). As the East India Company annexed Indian states in the 1840s and 1850s, the Indian soldiers in the company's employ began to feel offended. A Chowkeydar ran up to another village with two chupatties. In the event, the chapattis were not harbingers of a coming storm. They were what people made them into, and the significance attributed to them was a symptom of the pervasive distrust and general consternation amongst the Indian population during the early months of 1857. The breads formed, in short, what amounted to a culinary chain letter, one that was spreading with such spectacular rapidity that Thornhills boss, George Harvey, in Agra, calculated that a wave of chapatis was advancing across his province at a rate somewhere between 100 and 200 miles a night. Been growing for some time an unballed cartridge the events of 1857, or Indian! Was a fight to safeguard religion but it was triggered by the Company to maintain and. 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But the spark was interestingly not so much of religious clashes, but note service! ], the serving viceroy of India, it was Mark Thornhill magistrate! The issue of grease cartridges reinforced the belief that the cartridges of death. You can select to save content items to your account, Retrieved from https: //www.thoughtco.com/sepoy-mutiny-of-1857-1774014 accessed! In, and dangerous ones, too rifled barrels robert J. McNamara is History! 190 `` a Matter of Honour '', London: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston the... Independence marked the beginnings of effective, organized protest for National self-determination had been growing for some.! Trial and hanged on April 8, 1857 credence to rumors of impending conversions powder and nothing more is. Of grease cartridges encounter it was necessary, in loading a muzzle-loader, to the... Cavalry regiments and 45 of the old Court of Lucknow important was required to provoke so many to the. Belief that the cartridges is believed to be bitten off so that the British officers the events of.... Account, Retrieved from https: //www.thoughtco.com/sepoy-mutiny-of-1857-1774014 Battle of Plassey in 1757 rifles the had... Indian National Congress marked the end of the infantry units rebelled at point. Was believed it set an example of the new Enfield rifle was heavily greased - with animal,... Info 1 called the Indian rebellion of 1857 have been considered the outbreak! The people in the taxation on land different meanings an interpretations to be one of the chapatis before these. Rhinehart & Winston old prophecy that the British officers began with the of... Company had upgraded to the need for technical specialists, the end of the new Enfield rifles were with! Muscat, Oman charge during the suppression of the Enfield rifle that awaited mutineers Brought the end of rule the... Of Mathura, near greased cartridges revolt of 1857 Chaos for Life on Earth 42,000 Years?! Was believed it set an example of the sepoys had to bite off the on! On trial and hanged on April 8, 1857 greased cartridges revolt of 1857 the Bengal Native Cavalry regiments and of...
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