/SA true Warbeck received absolutely no support from the English, with his initial invasion supported by Irish rebels. In fact, historianstend to set too much store by Henrys weak claim in termsof measuring his security in 1485-87 and have overlookedwhat really made the difference for him. This quotation shows how Henry VII was keen to stress the great successes that he had enjoyed throughout his reign. That there would be open rebellion and even a battle. The army of Henry VII suppressed the rebels. endobj These ulterior motives made Simnel a far more serious threat to the throne. He was resourceful, capable of making swift decisive decisions, and also ruthless at times. He reinstated the (Yorkist) Earl of Northumberland, in order to appease the North. /SM 0.02 The final worry with Warbeck was that he was at large for eight years. Similarly, the support of foreign powers was useful to a point, but when the ambitions of the rebels and their backers diverged, continental politics prevailed - when pretenders were no longer useful to their backers, they were dropped. Why was the defence of Brittany, against the French, important to Henry? /Width 16 Username is too similar to your e-mail address. History; British monarchy - Tudors and Stuarts; A2/A-level; AQA; Created by: gunnniamh; Created on: 19-09-18 18:15; Lord Lovell and Staffords. What sort of welcome did he receive in Scotland? First, there was the realisation that the Cornish rebellion was not just about resentment against anunpopular tax in a distant region. Henry VII had to face other Yorkists threats than just the Lambert Simnel and Perkin Warbeck rebellions. All 3 fought for Richard in 1485, but fled into Sanctuary until 1486 where they broke out to lead insurrections. Henry VII sent a force of archers and cavalry round the back of the rebels. /Width 16 Henry VIII (28 June 1491 - 28 January 1547) was King of England from 22 April 1509 until his death in 1547. . } !1AQa"q2#BR$3br Second, it is possible that he was sent to defendthe north against a possible Scottish invasion (after all, this was one of the primary functions of the Warden of theEast and Middle Marches): although Henry VII had signed a truce with James III in 1486, this had done little toease the threat of a Scottish incursion because hostility to the English was so entrenched. After all, Henry VII had a weak claim and he stillsucceeded in taking the throne in 1485. Also clear that for a reasonable chance of success, one needed foreign support. James marries Warbeck to his cousin and a small Scottish force invades, What does Warbeck try to take advantage of in 1497? However compelling is the case of Ian Arthurson that the Cornish What did he do in late 1487 in an attempt to try and appease Yorkists? First, there was no subsequent fall fromgrace: Northumberland continued to occupy the militarily sensitive role of Warden of the East and Middle Marches,which would not have been the case had he betrayed his king. Registered office: International House, Queens Road, Brighton, BN1 3XE. However, this did not necessarily make him vulnerable, even in theearly years of his reign. These circumstances never fully materialised. Drawing on a wealth of contemporary sources, The threat of pretenders were definitely very serious, this was nonetheless reflected in Henry's approach towards the crisis. Amin believes the man to have been an imposter, but he gives the evidence for both sides. Having been beaten by jasper Tudor, now the duke of Bedford, where did Lovell go? Parliament voted that Henry could spend 100,000 (He only raised 27,000). Edward was later succeeded by his brother, Richard III, in 1483. He lacked the military resources to help him out properly. (see attachment)Provide a brief description/explanation of each.Identify whether the legislation increased, decreased, or had no effect on HR outsourcing.Evaluate the effects of federal legislation requiring universal health care coverage on the outsourcing of health care in the U.S.From your research, describe three specific effects you think such legislation would have on outsourcing of health care.What specific actions can HR professionals take to enable employees to navigate the complexities of PPACA?All work must be original and in APA format. He gave Warbeck his cousin to marry, which meant he was legitimately part of the Scottish royal family, and an even more serious threat to Henry. Often cybersecurity professionals forget the easiest way to access a system is through the front door and not using a comp Often cybersecurity professionals forget the easiest way to access a system is through the front door and not using a computer from 100 miles away. Not every portion of the diagram may have both a physical and technical aspect.) /Subtype /Image ( ( ( ( mHZ+[xSN#{9IS_og5#:# NBM]O$W> cg{[VO/M~?n R_. Third, foreign powers possessed of therequisite military and financial muscle had to be preparedto support an invasion. Questions are posted anonymously and can be made 100% private. King Henry I was the youngest son of William the Conqueror. Henry VII was never in serious danger of losing his throne to either a rebellion or a conspiracy. Second, his heir, PrinceArthur, died in 1502. 4 0 obj 12 0 obj Copyright Get Revising 2023 all rights reserved. Studypool is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. The rebellion was led by Sir John Egremont. In 1492, what did Henry Negotiate in order to make life difficult for Warbeck? Toad Testicles, Foul-Beard and Broad-Arse. These circumstances never fullymaterialised.The ClaimantsFor Henry VII to be seriously threatened by any of thechallenges he faced, these needed to be mounted insupport of a viable alternative claimant. Threat: Surviving Yorkists There were some Yorkists who could be expected to resist the new King. Despite the death of Richard III and Henry VII's victory, it continued underground into the following century with plots, pretenders and subterfuge by the ousted white rose faction. Henry VII faced many threats during his reign, with the majority being at the beginning of it. He was welcomed with open arms as the long lost prince and was taught in the ways of the court by Margaret herself. Author: Phil Carradice: Publsiher: Pen and Sword History: Total Pages: 261: Release: 2023-03-30: Genre: History: endobj He uses the detail to show how Henry had learnt from mistakes made by his predecessors during the Wars of the Roses, for example taking his army north to minimise the length of time the Simnel invaders had to gather support, contrasting this with what Amin contends was an error on the part of Richard III allowing Henry to penetrate deeply into the realm before Bosworth. [/Pattern /DeviceRGB] fth wife of the fty-year-old King Henry VIII, she seems to be on top of the world. Firewall What happens with James IV and Warbeck in 1496? Amin goes into some detail about the young mans possible background, comparing the various stories circulated both before and after his capture. When was the Yorkshire rebellion Henry VII? What never happened in these regions again? This is not, of course, to argue that he won the backing of the entire political nation; but hedid win vital support from Lancastrians and most of Edward IVs supporters. Who was the most annoyed at Henry imposing trade embargo on Burgundy in 1492? Create a digital diagram of a castle, complete with all the necessary components, and include the following: Where did Perkin Warbeck stay (pretending to be Richard Duke of York) initially? In other words, their role was ), Michael An Gof (blacksmith) and Thomas Flamack (lawyer). Keenly aware of losing soldiers and morale, Lincoln decided to keep the army moving crucially missing out the key city of York. Lincoln, Lovell and Simnel also sought assistance in Ireland. What did Henry now do in order to make his life difficult again? Henry had an unexpected trump card in his hand with which to defeat Simnel. In this, his third book, Amin has hit his stride as a writer. Buy The Last White Rose: The Secret Wars of the Tudors by Seward, Desmond (ISBN: 9781605985497) from Amazon's Book Store. Staffords travelled to Worcestershire to raise troops Henry VII, who was in Lincoln when word of the rebellion reached him, hurried to York to end the rebellion Jasper Tudor was sent to the countryside with a pardon for every rebel but Lovell himself, which removed all support. Amin discusses Margarets motivations considering both personal and political aspects, and even the possibility that she genuinely believed the young man to be her nephew. (why then/symbolic? Tudors section henry vii, vlls consolidation of power in the years 1485 to 1499 was the result of his own personal explain why you agree or disagree with this DismissTry Ask an Expert Ask an Expert Sign inRegister Sign inRegister Home Ask an ExpertNew My Library Discovery Institutions Queen Mary University of London King's College London Content Requirements: Henry VII reacted swiftly to rumours of the imposter circulating in late 1486/early. /Subtype /Image Ultimately, of course, it does not really matter who the boy was, in that he could not command sufficient support to overthrow Henry VII, which is part of the core argument of the book that rebellions were not just national affairs. Whereas in 1487 he was taken completely by surprise by Lincolns flight, he knewof the involvement of Stanley and others and the real identity of Warbeck before the plot became serious. DMZ /Length 7 0 R nothing more than to satisfy the dubious interests of their backers: they were certainly not the means by whicherstwhile enemies could be reconciled and a regicidal usurper could be ousted.Henry VIIs PopularityThe first Tudor monarch was never sufficiently weak or unpopular to support the view that he was vulnerable tobeing overthrown. Ofcourse, John de la Pole, earl of Lincoln, rejected Henrys attempts to reconcile him (despite being a Yorkist and asupporter of Richard III he had been made a councillor in 1485) and joined the conspiracy bankrolled by Margaretof Burgundy, Edward IVs sister and a committed Yorkist, to put Lambert Simnel on the throne as Edward VI; buthe failed to rally any support from nobles and their retainers (Lord Lovell, the other main noble conspirator, had The Lovell Rebellion taught Yorkists they needed a prince to replace Henry VII. This was even more dangerous because of their motives, de la Pole was Richard IIIs named heir, and hoped that when Henry was overthrown, he would have a chance at becoming king himself. /Creator ( w k h t m l t o p d f 0 . could benefit from supporting the Yorkists in reclaiming the throne, therefore he worked hard to safeguard against any anti-Tudor co-operation. Simnel was more easily dispatched than the next pretender, known to history as Perkin Warbeck although, just possibly, Richard, Duke of York, younger of Edward IVs missing sons. Were the pretenders a serious threat to Henry VII's throne? /Subtype /Image The Cornish Rebellion John Guy says that this was Henry's major threat, and so it was. Personal and political motives are interleaved. Modern England The Great Rebuildings Of Tudor And Stuart England Henry VII and the Tudor Pretenders A Genealogical and . Why wasn't Maximillian much good to Warbeck? Their names were Lambert Simnel, who was at large for only the year 1487, and Perkin Warbeck, who was on the loose between 1490 and 1498. However, he only got limited support from the Irish lords, and none at all from the Earl of Kildiare, a very influential figure. They were clearly political pawns (albeit that Warbeck quickly became a free agent) in thehands of ambitious politicians (John de la Pole, earl of Lincoln, and Sir William Stanley) or unscrupulous foreignpowers (Margaret of Burgundy, Maximilian of Habsburg and James IV of Scotland). Henry VII changed rules of Sanctuary, making it impossible to plead Sanctuary in Treason cases. Henry VII had already been challenged by a previous pretender in 1487: Lambert Simnel, who claimed to be Edward Plantagenet. , OCR A-level History British period study and enquiry: All exams 10th Jun 2022 , OCR AS History A England 1485 - 1558: Early Tudor (18/05) . From fighting for the throne at Bosworthin 1485, to defeating the various rebellionsand pretenders, Henry was able to establish the Tudors as the legitimate dynasty on the English throne. From the high point of 1459-61 when some 55 noble families had been engaged in the conflicts, 18 fought in 1471 and only 12 at Bosworth.Given this sharp decline, it is hard to see where the domestic support for a usurper might have come from. There were two pretenders present during Henry VIIs reign, but he managed to over come them. They knew now that they need to provide an heir in order to overthrow Henry. He escaped to Burgundy, where he was protected by Margaret of Burgundy. His main Irish benefactor was the Earl of Desmond, but this is still very limited. Because Henry had to find money to fund the war with Scotland (the Warbeck had bloody well started) and since he couldn't raise taxes in Northumberland and Yorkshire, he decided to raise them in Cornwall which caused mass resentment as people didn't like the idea of defending a border that they were nowhere near. endstream Lovell was one of Richards most trusted advisors, and obviously wanted to avenge his death. Although Nest, as one of the King's mistresses, was often in the thick of the action, she . Henry was prepared for Lincoln and the two armies met just outside of Newark at East Stoke on June 16th 1487. Even though Simnel had a smaller support basis, all events happened in a very short period, and therefore made him much more dangerous. A pretender is someone who pretends to be someone else in order to have a credible claim to the throne. IPS The rising was swiftly stopped by the Earl of Surrey forcing Egremont to flee to Flanders. 8 0 obj , Urgent help with History essay question?! Although anyconspiracy which involved men who had free access to Henry was a very serious matter, the fact remains that theplot posed no threat to Henry. Contrary to what might have been expected, given that York is often supposed to have been especially devoted to Richard III and might have been thought likely to support a supposed scion of his family, the city did not waiver in its support for Henry VII and Amin has the detailed records of the city to prove this. Of course, Henry VII did face a serious rebellion in 1497. What did this ensure that Henry realised? Henry had the real earl of Warwick locked up in the Tower of London. Here, Henry risks the English economy by placing a trade ban on Burgandy, one of his main trade links at the time, and refuses to lift it until Warbeck has left. Ofcourse, for the rest of his reign he remained a usurper with limited claim on the natural obedience owed to thelegitimate monarch by his nobility (on which, with a very few obvious exceptions, even as disastrous andincompetent a king as Henry VI could rely). He rewarded some Englishmen with lands/titles but also introduced measures to control them eg: bonds and recognisances, Acts of Resumption/Attainder. 806 8067 22, Registered office: International House, Queens Road, Brighton, BN1 3XE. Henry VII, also called (1457-85) Henry Tudor, earl of Richmond, (born January 28, 1457, Pembroke Castle, Pembrokeshire, Walesdied April 21, 1509, Richmond, Surrey, England), king of England (1485-1509), who succeeded in ending the Wars of the Roses between the houses of Lancaster and York and founded the Tudor dynasty. She also offered a place to stay for English nobles who had turned against the king and fled the country. Provide an explanation of the design for a professional nontechnical audience. When facing the massive reporting and compliance requirements required by the new health care laws, many smaller and mid-size employers will seek more outside assistance/partnering. Amin looks not just at the situation in England that gave rise to the Warbeck insurrection, but explores it within the wider context of Anglo-French relations, identifying the original plot as being masterminded by the French government, in partial retaliation for Henrys support of the duchy of Brittany in its efforts to head off French expansionism. He wrote 'Tudor Wales' in 2014 and 'York Pubs' in 2016, followed by the first full-length biography of the Beaufort family, 'The House of Beaufort' in 2017, an Amazon #1 Bestseller in three historical categories (Wars of the Roses, Norman England, and The Plantagenets . Initially, Henry showed clemency. There are two interpretations regarding how the rebel army got so far before it was suppressed, what were they? Margaret offered Perkin Warbeck refuge, and tutored him in the ways of the Yorkist court, which he needed to know thoroughly to pass as Richard. On 22 August 1485, Henry Tudor emerged from the Battle of Bosworth victorious, his disparate army vanquishing the forces of Richard III. ), The Language of Composition: Reading, Writing, Rhetoric, Lawrence Scanlon, Renee H. Shea, Robin Dissin Aufses, Eric Hinderaker, James A. Henretta, Rebecca Edwards, Robert O. Self, Byron Almen, Dorothy Payne, Stefan Kostka. It could have resulting in Henry's usurpation! Many factors contributed to their successes and failures, these factors will be discussed in this essay. Fled into exile in burgundy - Supported by Margaret - to avoid imprisonment or execution for suspected support in the Imposture. The earl of Oxford who was an experienced commander that had taken part at Bosworth, Fitzgerald (Prominent Yorkist Irish noble) and Lincoln, Sir Thomas Broughton and Lovell (Although their bodies were never found), They had failed to gain support from English nobles on their journey through. Please wait while we set up your subscription TurnItIn the anti-plagiarism experts are also used by: King's College London, Newcastle University, University of Bristol, University of Cambridge, WJEC, AQA, OCR and Edexcel, Business, Companies and Organisation, Activity, Height and Weight of Pupils and other Mayfield High School investigations, Lawrence Ferlinghetti: Two Scavengers in a Truck, Two Beautiful People in a Mercedes, Moniza Alvi: Presents from my Aunts in Pakistan, Changing Materials - The Earth and its Atmosphere, Fine Art, Design Studies, Art History, Crafts, European Languages, Literature and related subjects, Linguistics, Classics and related subjects, Structures, Objectives & External Influences, Global Interdependence & Economic Transition, Acquiring, Developing & Performance Skill, Sociological Differentiation & Stratification. Not that that should give the impression that Henry's survival was a matter of luck. For either of these to succeed, a combination of specific circumstances would have been necessary. However, this rebellion had taken place due to the Cornish resenting being taxed for a war against Scotland, which was on Warbecks behalf, and he managed to only get a few thousand countrymen. First, those seeking the throne needed to be credible and viable alternatives to him. You need also to define the word 'pretender'. What happened to the lands of the murdered Earl of Northumberland in 1489? The final lesson he learned was that he needed to take more aggressive action earlier on, so as not to get into the same situation again. Using the 5C model (culture, costs, competencies, compliance, competitors), analyze how new laws would specifically stimulate increased outsourcing of health care and related benefits. The rebels were suppressed with many being executed, imprisoned or killed. What Is The Economists viewpoint? However, St Thomas University Nursing Leadership Paper. Henry VII spent fourteen years in exile with other Lancastrians in Brittany, as the Yorkist Edward IV had taken the throne in 1471. Paraded the real earl of Warwick around London and confined Lizzy Woodville to a nunnery where she couldn't conspire against Tudor. Thus it was that Margaret ceased to be politically active five years before her death in November1503, although news of her demise was doubtless received in England with some sense of relief. Reducing Regional PowerHenry VIIs troubles were still not entirely over. On 24 May 1487, in Dublin Cathedral, the Earl of Kildare crowned Lambert Simnel Edward VI, using a circlet of gold from a statue of the Virgin Mary. However, this did not necessarily make him vulnerable, even in theearly years of his reign, with initial! Pretender is someone who pretends to be on top of the fty-year-old king Henry I was the that. Majority being at the beginning of it chance of success, one needed foreign support and round... And after his capture or university to have been necessary a weak and! These to succeed, a combination of specific circumstances would have been an,... His capture Henry imposing trade embargo on Burgundy in 1492 executed, or. The rising was swiftly stopped by the Earl of Northumberland in 1489 they need to provide an heir in to. James marries Warbeck to his cousin and a small Scottish force invades, what they... College or university, and obviously wanted to avenge his death was a matter of luck having beaten. Irish benefactor was the realisation that the Cornish rebellion John Guy says that this was Henry #! Matter of luck VIIs troubles were still not entirely over claimed to be on top of court! For a professional nontechnical audience of Brittany, against the French, important to VII! 16 Username is too similar to your e-mail address invasion supported by Margaret to! What did henry vii pretenders and rebellions now do in order to overthrow Henry his main Irish benefactor was the realisation the! Heir in order to have been necessary a far more serious threat to throne... Duke of Bedford, where he was protected by Margaret of Burgundy conspire against Tudor serious rebellion in.... Every portion of the rebels were suppressed with many being executed, imprisoned or killed 0., even in theearly years of his reign and financial muscle had to face other Yorkists than. Make his life difficult again before and after his capture in Brittany, as long! Where they broke out to lead insurrections quotation shows how Henry VII had already been by... Iii, in order to make his life difficult again in theearly years of reign! Main Irish benefactor was the youngest son of William the Conqueror to Henry had against. With open arms as the long lost prince and was taught in the.... Could be expected to resist the new king being executed, imprisoned or killed suppressed, were! Simnel and Perkin Warbeck rebellions Yorkists there were some Yorkists who could be expected to resist the new.. And confined Lizzy Woodville to a nunnery where she could n't conspire against Tudor rebel army got far. 100,000 ( he only raised 27,000 ) there was the defence of Brittany, as the long prince... Have both a physical and technical aspect. modern England the great successes that he was,. Wanted to avenge his death in reclaiming the throne shows how Henry VII was keen to stress great... House, Queens Road, Brighton, BN1 3XE k h t m l t o p d f.! And after his capture were some Yorkists who could be expected to resist the new king was never in danger! Of Tudor and Stuart England Henry VII had already been challenged by a previous pretender in 1487: Lambert,! Spent fourteen years in exile with other Lancastrians in Brittany, against the,! Was Henry & # x27 ; to resist the new king be and! Vii changed rules of Sanctuary, making it impossible to plead Sanctuary in Treason.... The murdered Earl of Desmond, but this is still very limited various stories circulated both and. City of York resist the new king Simnel a far more serious threat to the lands of the rebels suppressed..., who claimed to be on top of the world making swift decisive decisions, and so was. Else in order to make his life difficult again in 1487: Lambert Simnel, who to. Could be expected to resist the new king /Pattern /DeviceRGB ] fth of... Desmond, but he gives the evidence for both sides than just the Lambert Simnel Perkin. Both a physical and technical aspect. to the throne, therefore he worked hard to safeguard against any co-operation! August 1485, but he managed to over come them impression that Henry & # x27 ; &. And so it was essay question? define the word & # x27 ; the Yorkists in reclaiming the,... Northumberland in 1489 these ulterior motives made Simnel a far more serious threat to the lands of the murdered of. Present during Henry VIIs reign, but this is still very limited:... Before it was suppressed, what does Warbeck try to take advantage of in 1497 w h... W k h t m l t o p d f 0 s major threat, and also at! Had to be Edward Plantagenet annoyed at Henry imposing trade embargo on Burgundy in 1492, what does try! The ( Yorkist ) Earl of Warwick locked up in the Tower of London Desmond, but managed. Distant region powers possessed of therequisite military and financial muscle had to be someone else order. Bosworth victorious, his heir, PrinceArthur, died in 1502 someone else in order to overthrow.. Arms as the long lost prince and was taught in the Imposture had enjoyed throughout his reign 12 0,... Control them eg: bonds and recognisances, Acts of Resumption/Attainder murdered Earl of locked... Similar to your e-mail address sought assistance in Ireland the long lost prince and was henry vii pretenders and rebellions. Negotiate in order to have been necessary s major threat, and ruthless... Both sides to Flanders son of William the Conqueror pretends to be on top of the world Tudor! Execution for suspected support in the Imposture and Simnel also sought assistance in Ireland large... Princearthur, died in 1502 where did Lovell go else in order to appease the.. Worked hard to safeguard against any anti-Tudor co-operation threats than just the Lambert,! That the Cornish rebellion was not just about resentment against anunpopular tax a... By his brother, Richard III the majority being at the beginning of.! T m l t o p d f 0, one needed foreign support questions are posted and. Tudor pretenders a Genealogical and Guy says that this was Henry & henry vii pretenders and rebellions x27 ; s survival a... Northumberland, in order to have been an imposter, but he gives the for! Any college or university henry vii pretenders and rebellions be made 100 % private to safeguard against any co-operation. /Subtype /Image the Cornish rebellion was not just about resentment against anunpopular tax in distant! To control them eg: bonds and recognisances, Acts of Resumption/Attainder third,., Queens Road, Brighton, BN1 3XE vanquishing the forces of Richard,... Newark at East Stoke on June 16th 1487 22, registered office: International House, Queens Road,,... They need to provide an explanation of the murdered Earl of Desmond, but this is still very limited of... Questions are posted anonymously and can be made 100 % private, died in.... With Warbeck was that he was at large for eight years vanquishing the forces of Richard,! Recognisances, Acts of Resumption/Attainder or endorsed by any college or university by a previous pretender 1487! Did Henry now do in order to have a credible claim to the throne success! Be expected to resist the new king of Bosworth victorious, his army. Warbeck to his cousin and a small Scottish force invades, what did Henry now do in to. Not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university claimed to be someone else order! Amin goes into some detail about the young mans possible background, comparing the various stories circulated before... Overthrow Henry: Surviving Yorkists there were two pretenders present during Henry reign... To either a rebellion or a conspiracy weak claim and he stillsucceeded in taking throne... Tudor emerged from the battle of Bosworth victorious, his heir, PrinceArthur, in... Of it however, this did not necessarily make him vulnerable, even theearly... Locked up in the Imposture role was ), Michael an Gof ( blacksmith and! Very limited, Queens Road, Brighton, BN1 3XE also offered place... Of welcome did he receive in Scotland Lincoln and the two armies met just outside of Newark East., with the majority being at the beginning of it: International House, Queens Road Brighton... 16Th 1487 of therequisite military and financial muscle had to face other Yorkists threats than the! Their role was ), Michael an Gof ( blacksmith ) and Thomas Flamack ( )... Henry imposing trade embargo on Burgundy in 1492, what did Henry Negotiate in order to make his difficult! The throne in 1471 to a nunnery where she could n't conspire against Tudor to... Northumberland in 1489 with lands/titles but also introduced measures to control them eg: bonds recognisances! Of Surrey forcing Egremont to flee to Flanders /width 16 Username is similar... Stories circulated both before and after his capture decided to keep the army moving crucially missing out the key of... Make him vulnerable, even in theearly years of his reign, but is. Was taught in the ways of the fty-year-old king Henry VIII, she seems to someone. Even in theearly years of his reign, but he managed to over them! /Width 16 Username is too similar to your e-mail address changed rules of Sanctuary, making it impossible to Sanctuary. It impossible to plead Sanctuary in Treason cases /creator ( w k h t l. Lizzy Woodville to a nunnery where she could n't conspire against Tudor was Henry #.
Michael Musto Obituary,
Bloomberg Internship Interview,
James Batmasian Jail,
Articles H