Given the relatively small share of Christians in the Indian American community, this suggests that Christmas is celebrated more on cultural than religious grounds. It is worth pointing out that nearly one-third (32 percent) of respondents report not engaging in any of the civic or political activities listed on the survey. Some 42% of immigrants in the U.S. speak Spanish at home. To provide an accurate picture of the Indian American community as a whole, the full sample contains both U.S. citizens and nonU.S. Source: aiisha5 / iStock . For a daily dose of the most relevant Dallas News! A majority of Hindus (52 percent) report attending religious services once or twice a month or just a few times a year, while another 25 percent report seldom or never attending religious services. In addition, the survey asks respondents whether, in the last twelve months, they have personally felt discriminated against. For instance, it is plausible that Indian Americans born in the United States would place less emphasis on their Indian-ness than their counterparts who immigrated. In 2018, the percentage of women giving birth in the past year was higher among immigrants (7.5%) than among the U.S. born (5.7%). Of this latter group, the overwhelming majority83 percentcategorize themselves as General or upper caste. Around 337,000 immigrants were deported from the U.S. in fiscal 2018, up since 2017. Other states only made the top five list for short periods of time. In the 1830s, the number grew to 235,000, and in the 1840sdue to a potato . Based on these portraits, here are answers to some key questions about the U.S. immigrant population. A very small proportion, just 5 percent, state that they feel neither Indian nor American. 23 Americas Changing Religious Landscape, Pew Research Center, May 12, 2015, https://www.pewforum.org/2015/05/12/americas-changing-religious-landscape/. As with political parties in the American context, there is a certain degree of asymmetric polarization as far as supporters of the Congress and the BJP are concerned, although both groups are generally more hostile toward supporters of the opposing Indian party than is true in the analogous case of Republicans and Democrats (see figure 24). Chinese Americans are the largest Asian origin group in the U.S., making up 24% of the Asian population, or 5.4 million people. The US Census Bureau's American Community Survey asks millions of people every year detailed questions about their social, economic, and demographic situations. The February 2021 IAAS study examined the degree to which Indian Americans remain connected to India through cultural outlets such as Indian food, movies or television, and art, dance, or music.38 This paper looks at one additional aspect of cultural engagement: participation in select holidays regularly celebrated in India. See More by this Creator. Educational attainment varies among the nations immigrant groups, particularly across immigrants from different regions of the world. Other regions make up smaller shares: Europe, Canada and other North America (13%), the Caribbean (10%), Central America (8%), South America (7%), the Middle East and North Africa (4%) and sub-Saharan Africa (5%). Members of the Indian American communityboth individually and collectivelyare mobilizing in response. Given that only 5 percent of IAAS respondents report being victims of caste discrimination, any subgroup analysis must be interpreted with due care given the small sample sizes involved. New immigrant arrivals have fallen, mainly due to a decrease in the number of unauthorized immigrants coming to the U.S. As the United States witnesses a resurgence of violence and hate speech targeting Asian Americans, how might it affect Americans of Indian origin? The February 2021 IAAS paper found that almost seven in ten Hindus approve of Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modis performance, while just one in five Muslims feel the same.34 However, without longitudinal data, it is unclear to what extent the religious divide reflects the specificities of the current contextin which Muslims in India feel especially marginalized and discriminated againstor is instead a product of longer-term trends. On the other hand, Muslims are much more likely to self-identify as South Asian (27 percent compared to 7 percent of Christians and 5 percent of Hindus). . To produce the final data set, respondents were matched to a sampling frame on gender, age, and education. One-quarter of all respondents self-identify as Indian while 7 percent choose the term Asian Indian.. See Doug Rivers, Pew Research: YouGov Consistently Outperforms Competitors on Accuracy, YouGov, May 13, 2016, https://today.yougov.com/topics/finance/articles-reports/2016/05/13/pew-research-yougov. About two-thirds of Americans (66%) say immigrants strengthen the country because of their hard work and talents, while about a quarter (24%) say immigrants burden the country by taking jobs, housing and health care. As figure 18 shows, 43 percent of foreign-born Indian Americans have a social network dominated by Indian-origin friends, compared to 25 percent of respondents born in the United States (adding up the shares of those who say all or most of their friends are of Indian origin). 20 According to the 2018 ACS, 73 percent of Asian Indian households are married-couple households compared to the national average of 48 percent. In the last few years, there has been much greater recognition of the discrimination faced by minority groups in the United States. First, the survey asked respondents how important being Indian is to their identity. And to what extent are these differences being driven by political polarization in the country of origin (in this case, India)? YouGov maintains a proprietary, double opt-in survey panel comprised of 1.8 million U.S. residents who have agreed to participate in YouGovs surveys. Finally, volunteering or working on a political campaign appears to be the least common form of political engagement. Carnegie does not take institutional positions on public policy issues; the views represented herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of Carnegie, its staff, or its trustees. 1615 L St. NW, Suite 800Washington, DC 20036USA A small minority of non-citizen respondents6 percentclaim some other visa status. According to the 2011 Indian Census, the distribution of the Indian population by language was as follows: Hindi (44 percent), Bengali (8 percent), Telugu (7 percent), Marathi (7 percent), Tamil (6 percent), Gujarati (5 percent), Kannada (4 percent), Urdu (4 percent), Punjabi (3 percent), and Malayalam (3 percent). 40 Interestingly, the Indian-origin composition of social networks does not vary significantly by respondents age. . Data from the ACS show that the share of married couple households in the community is 50 percent greater than the U.S. average.20 In the IAAS sample, 66 percent of respondents were married or in a domestic partnership. This section provides a snapshot of the Indian American population in the United States, as captured by the IAAS. Figure 30 provides the geographic distribution of survey respondents by state of residence. Want the news delivered straight to your inbox? However, non-citizens are about as likely as foreign-born citizens to engage in the resolution of community issues (12 percent versus 11 percent). To broaden the aperture, the survey asks about discrimination along several dimensions beyond country of origin: skin color, gender, religion, and caste. To probe this issue, the survey provides respondents with eight identity categories and asks them which of the following best describes their background. Fifty-eight percent of Christians report attending church at least once or several times per week. 41 Miller McPherson, Lynn Smith-Lovin, and James M. Cook, Birds of a Feather: Homophily in Social Networks, Annual Review of Sociology 27 (2001): 415444. The low rate of political giving for non-citizens is expected given that non-citizens are forbidden from making political donations unless they are permanent residents (that is, they possess a green card). Only adult respondents (ages eighteen and above) who identified as Indian American or a person of (Asian) Indian origin were able to participate in the survey. Indianof descentAmericans are taking over the country: you, my vice president [Kamala Harris, whose mother was born in India], my speechwriter, Vinay [Indian American Vinay Reddy]. Contributing financially to campaigns (14 percent), contacting an elected representative or government official (12 percent), and volunteering on a political campaign (9 percent) are less popular activities.36, As with civic engagement, U.S.-born citizens are the most engaged, followed by foreign-born citizens and non-citizens (see figure 15). Thirteen percent have a high school diploma and just 1 percent have not finished high school. Pew Research Center estimates indicate that in 2065, those who identify as Asian will make up some 38% of all immigrants; as Hispanic, 31%; White, 20%; and Black, 9%. They alone account for 4.6% of the civilian labor force, a dip from their peak of 5.4% in 2007. Follow. By the 1980s, Mexicans became the nation's largest immigrant group; by 2013, they were the largest immigrant group in 33 states. Five percent responded dont know. Overall, the distribution is skewed in favor of a social network populated with relatively more people of Indian origin. QUIZ LAB SUBMISSION This quiz has . This quiz has not been published by Sporcle, Open a modal to take you to registration information, Button that open a modal to initiate a challenge, Find the US States - No Outlines Minefield, Find the Countries of Europe - No Outlines Minefield, Countries of the World - No Outlines Minefield, Continents by Number of Countries in Order, Last Letters Minefield: Countries of Asia, Last Letters Minefield: Countries of Europe, Find the Provinces of Canada - No Outlines Minefield, UK Immigrant Origin Countries by Continent. This too mirrors the American political context, where supporters of smaller parties or those who are unaffiliated hold more favorable views toward Democrats.46. Fewer than one in ten respondents (9 percent) do not participate in any of these seven holidays. A narrow majority52 percentof respondents believe that people in the United States discriminate more against all of the other minority groups listed than they do against Indian Americans. Irish immigration. 8 See, inter alia, Thenmozhi Soundararajan, A New Lawsuit Shines a Light on Caste Discrimination in the U.S. and Around the World, Washington Post, July 13, 2020, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2020/07/13/new-lawsuit-shines-light-caste-discrimination-us-around-world/; and Yashica Dutt, The Specter of Caste in Silicon Valley, New York Times, July 14, 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/14/opinion/caste-cisco-indian-americans-discrimination.html. These top 20 metro areas were home to 28.7 million immigrants, or 64% of the nations total foreign-born population. (+1) 202-419-4372 | Media Inquiries. Texas, Washington, New York and California resettled more than a quarter of all refugees admitted in fiscal 2018. Formed in 2021, we provide fact-based, non-partisan news. While the social realities of Indian Americans are often glossed over, recent events have brought them to the fore. Bookmark Quiz Bookmark Quiz Bookmark. However, the results point in the opposite direction. Immigrants today account for 13.7% of the U.S. population, nearly triple the share (4.8%) in 1970. Nearly one in four respondents reports no particular attachment to a state of origin. One percent of respondents point to some other factor. Other regions contributing smaller percentages of immigrants included the Middle East and North Africa (4%), sub-Saharan Africa (5%), South America (7%), Central America (8%), the Caribbean (10%), and as well as Europe, Canada and other North America (13%). View Reports-/5-RATE QUIZ. As the number and/or concentration of Indian Americans in a geography increases, one might expect that respondents social networks might become more insular. While immigration has been at the forefront of a national political debate, the U.S. public holds a range of views about immigrants living in the country. While we are grateful to all of our collaborators, any errors found in this study are entirely the authors. . Fifty-eight percent of Hindus respond in this way, while 48 and 46 percent of Muslims and Christians, respectively, report that their networks are comprised of those of the same religion. Those who wish to do so may apply after meeting certain requirements, including having lived in the U.S. for five years. And, finally, 5 percent of all respondents report having encountered discrimination due to their caste identity. 55 For an accessible introduction to this survey method, see Courtney Kennedy et al., Evaluating Online Nonprobability Surveys, Pew Research Center, May 2, 2016, https://www.pewresearch.org/methods/2016/05/02/evaluating-online-nonprobability-surveys/. This statistic is nearly identical to the average of the American population at large. 75% of Minnesotas foreign-born residents are working, up from 70% a decade ago. The survey furthers asks respondents to assess whether they believe that domestic politics in India might be creating or exacerbating divisions within the Indian American community. These numbers are actually a lower bound of Indian Americans educational attainment. In fact, that is precisely what the data suggest (see figure 10). By using this website, you agree to our cookie policy. 10 Anna Purna Kambhampaty, At Census Time, Asian Americans Again Confront the Question of Who Counts as Asian. Mexico is the top origin country of the U.S. immigrant population. How does this group perceive itself, and how does it believe others perceive it? But members of this group exhibit significant variation in terms of their visa status (see figure 1). Among immigrants ages 5 and older, Spanish is the most commonly spoken language. Give Orange. Thirty percent of Congress supporters are not comfortable having close friends who support the BJP; this is double the share of BJP supporters who are uncomfortable having close friends who are Congress supporters. 49 Although sample sizes are extremely small, it does seem that Hindu respondents who affirmatively identify with a caste are more likely to report discrimination on the basis of caste. Fully one-third of respondentsa large proportiondo not express an opinion either way. The survey asks a follow-up question to respondents who report having any friends of Indian origin (of the entire sample of 1,200 respondents, 1,093 fall into this category): Among your Indian origin friends, how many a) belong to the same religion as you; b) are from same region of India as you; and c) are of the same caste as you? The purpose of this question is to investigate whether Indian-origin social networks are internally homogenous or heterogeneous. The United States has more immigrants than any other country in the world. This section reviews some basic characteristics of the social networks of Indian Americans. Immigrants in the U.S. as a whole have lower levels of education than the U.S.-born population. where they are the largest immigrant group. Forty percent of Hindus say they pray once or several times a daysubstantially less than the 58 percent of Muslims or 66 percent of Christians who answer similarly. Eleven percent finished high school elsewhere, while only 8 percent had less than a high school education. To a certain extent, however, many of these factors are inseparable. As the profile of the Indian American community has grown, so too has its economic, political, and social influence. The Government of India maintains an Overseas Citizenship of India (OCI) designation for persons of Indian origin residing abroad who do not hold Indian citizenship. In certain cases, these larger groupings consist of smaller denominations that have been aggregated upward. Sumitra Badrinathan is a postdoctoral research fellow at the Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism at Oxford University. However, there is marked variation by place of birth. The October 2020 IAAS study found that Indian Americans who identify as Democrats rate the Republican Party and former president Donald Trump very unfavorably.44 Republicans, for their part, view the Democrats, current President Joe Biden, and Vice President Kamala Harris in equally unfavorable terms. In 2020, Californias Department of Fair Employment and Housing filed a lawsuit against U.S.-based technology company Cisco Systems after an employee from one of Indias historically marginalized caste communities (Dalits) alleged that some of his upper caste Indian American colleagues discriminated against him on the basis of his caste identity.7 The suit, and subsequent media melee, triggered a wave of wrenching testimonials about the entrenched nature of castea marker of hierarchy and status associated with Hinduism (as well as other South Asian religions)within the diaspora community in the United States.8, More recently, there has been a troubling surge in hate crimes targeting Asian Americans in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. 31 Richer, more educated respondents are more likely to identify with a caste group. Of course, many Indian Americansirrespective of citizenshipremain tied to India thanks to direct family connections. Further analysis shows that both age and duration of stay in the United States are important. Check your email for details on your request. Differences exist state-to-state in the proportion of people born outside of the U.S. Other popular home states include Delhi (9 percent), Punjab (8 percent), and Kerala (7 percent). However, Mexican lawful immigrants have the lowest naturalization rate overall. Overall, there are 632 respondents in the IAAS sample who belong to the Hindu faith but only 293 who report identifying with a caste group. The previous section demonstrated that, for many Indian Americans, shared religious affiliation is the most important characteristic of respondents social networks. We do ask that you be kind. 39 This finding holds even if we use a binary measure of Indian American concentration, using a cut-off of two percent of a countrys population; drop outlier counties with unusually high concentrations of Indian Americans; control for the total number of households in a county; and control for a respondents place of birth. However, Hindus and Muslims exhibit less comfort when it comes to having close friends of the opposite faith. Office of the Registrar General of India, Language: Indian States and Union Territories (Table C-16), Census of India 2011, Paper 1 (2018), https://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf. White immigrants to America, 80 percent . Muslims and Christians are significantly more likely than Hindus to say that religion is very important to thema gap of nearly 30 percentage points. Predictably, responses vary by place of birth (see figure 13). Respondents for this survey were recruited from an existing panel administered by YouGov. This paper explores a different cleavagepartisan affiliation in Indiaby examining how Indian Americans who favor the Congress or the BJP view supporters of the other party. What are the social realities and lived experiences of Indian Americans? These patterns break down quite differently by religion, however (see figure 8). Rounding out the list are caste (35 percent), economic policy (29 percent), and language (24 percent). Several Asian, African, and Central American countries also have large immigrant populations in various states. To what extent does the community exhibit signs of shared solidarity, and are there signs of division as the group grows in number and diversity? Conversely, the larger the size of a group, the greater the likelihood of meeting someone from that group. In 2017, 45% were naturalized U.S. citizens. Milan Vaishnav is a senior fellow and director of the South Asia Program at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. 19 Chakravorty, Kapur, and Singh, The Other One Percent, table 2.2 and figure 2.4. By the 1930s, Italians were the largest immigrant group in the nation and in nine states, including New York, Louisiana, New Jersey and Nevada. But this remains a minority view: 40 percent of Indian Americans do not believe that domestic politics are dividing the Indian diaspora in the United States. From 1820 to 2013, 79 million people obtained lawful permanent resident status in the United States. One of the questions asks respondents what their country of birth is. From 1990 to 2007, the unauthorized immigrant population more than tripled in size from 3.5 million to a record high of 12.2 million in 2007. My dad and mom told my brother and me that we came to America to be Americans. Many respondents are between the ages of eighteen and twenty-five and, thus, are plausibly in the middle of their educational training. . 48 (2010): 99106. Visit BusinessInsider.com for more stories. Forty-three percent report that some are, while 23 percent say that hardly any or none are. 35 While this might seem counterintuitive, this finding is explained by the fact that U.S.-born respondents are significantly more likely to identify as more American than Indian. Seventy-four percent of Hindu respondents who report not identifying with a caste nevertheless know enough to be able to identify the caste identities of their social networks. And despite the overall professional, educational, and financial success many Indian Americans enjoy, this has not inoculated them from the forces of discrimination, polarization, and contestation over questions of belonging and identity. The matched cases and the frames were combined, and a logistic regression was estimated for inclusion in the frames. The survey also asks respondents about their educational attainment, which provides insight into the socioeconomic profile of Indians in America. Although Indian Americans born in the United States assess Indias present trajectory more critically than those born outside of the United Statesa finding the February 2021 IAAS study established 51the latter are somewhat more likely to blame religion (62 percent versus 55 percent) as well as political leadership (61 percent versus 48 percent). Of the over one million foreign born from India in the U.S., over half live in just five states. The objective of this inquiry is to assess to what extent Indian Americans associate with other Indian Americans relative to those from outside the community. (+1) 202-419-4300 | Main The survey, drawing on both citizens and non-citizens in the United States, was conducted online using YouGovs proprietary panel of 1.8 million Americans and has an overall margin of error of +/- 2.8 percent. Nearlyhalf a million immigrantscall Minnesota home, a population that includes citizens and non-citizens, students and workers, and refugees who fled their home countries. The examination of partisanship, in turn, further distinguishes between partisan support in India and in the United States.43. Indian Americans who are born in the United States are more likely to identify as Indian American (48 to 40 percent) and markedly less likely to identify as Indian (just 11 percent compared to 33 percent of foreign-born Indian Americans). Another way of examining respondents regional connections in India is to look at their linguistic backgrounds. 54 Devesh Kapur, The Power of Indians Abroad, Foreign Policy, May 13, 2021, https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/05/13/the-power-of-indians-abroad/. This emulates a standard set of survey questions that has long been asked by the Pew Research Center.23. They are more likely to say they are very comfortable having Democratic than Republican friends, and three times as many say they would not be comfortable having close Republican friends than close Democratic friends. Specifically, this study addresses seven questions concerning the social realities of Indian Americans: This study is the third in a series of empirical papers on the Indian American community. How do Indian Americans perceive their own ethnic identity? 15 While this study reports sample sizes as raw totals, all analyses include sampling weights, meaning that the proportions and means discussed here are weighted, unless otherwise noted. Relative to Muslims, Christians and Hindus are equally likely to self-identify as Indian American (47 percent each versus 32 percent for Muslims), and Hindus are substantially more likely to self-identify as Indian (32 percent versus 17 percent for Christians and 12 percent for Muslims). The term net domestic migration describes the total number of people moving to a state from another state minus people moving to another state from that state. How do Indian Americans perceive their own ethnic identity and how much emphasis do they place on their Indian-ness? There is a separate table for the U.S. territories. Pew Research Center regularly publishes statistical portraits of the nations foreign-born population, which include historical trends since 1960. Questions that measure social distance are often used to understand the salience of group identity and perceptions of group hierarchy, and as a basis of prediction of inter-group prejudice. 29 Maari Zwick-Maitreyi, Thenmozhi Soundararajan, Natasha Dar, Ralph F. Bheel, and Prathap Balakrishnan, Caste in the United States: A Survey of Caste Among South Asian Americans (Equality Labs, 2018). Whereas 53 percent of foreign-born Hindu Indian Americans affiliate with a caste group, 34 percent of U.S.-born Hindu Indian Americans do the same. The brightness of a country corresponds to its total migration to the U.S. at the given time. In fiscal 2019, apprehensions of Central Americans at the border exceeded those of Mexicans for the fourth consecutive year. Yet these views vary starkly by political affiliation. This population includes naturalized citizens, lawful permanent residents (LPRs), certain legal nonimmigrants (e.g., persons on student or work visas), those admitted under refugee or asylee status, and persons illegally residing in the United States. First, as noted above, the data on caste identification is restricted to Hindu respondents. The term net international migration describes the total number of people moving to a state from another country minus people moving to another country from that state. Overall, the Indian American population is highly educated compared to the U.S. average (see figure 3), as other studies have suggested.19 Nearly three-fourths have a college education40 percent of respondents have completed a postgraduate education and another 33 percent have finished four years of undergraduate study. Since the creation of the federal Refugee Resettlement Program in 1980, about 3 million refugees have been resettled in the U.S. more than any other country. Brazil 16,746. The main sample was matched to a frame corresponding to all adult Indian Americans, and the oversample was matched to a frame corresponding to Indian Americans ages eighteen to twenty-seven. Report this user for behavior that violates our Community Guidelines. It conducts public opinion polling, demographic research, media content analysis and other empirical social science research. Hover over a state to get the total foreign-born population and double click on a state to get top county estimates. In all, 52 percent of Indians in America completed their education in the United States. Migration Policy Institute tabulation of data from theU.S. Census Bureau's pooled 2009-2013American Community Survey. The margin of error for the full sample of 1,200 respondents is +/- 2.8 percent. And twenty-five and, thus, are plausibly in the U.S. territories California more! U.S. citizens attending church at least once or several times per week is... 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